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The paper presents the results of a study on obtaining N-enriched active carbons from bituminous coal and on testing its use as an electrode material in supercapacitors. The coal was carbonised, activated with KOH and ammoxidised by a mixture of ammonia and air at the ratio 1:3 at 300°C or 350°C, at different stages of the production, that is, at those of precursor, carbonisate, and active carbon...
Two-stage fixed bed gasification is one of the most promising technologies for low and medium energy production from biomass. In industrial processes, control and optimisation is often based on constructor know-how rather than on an understanding of the mechanisms involved. We present a new original tool, the Continuous Fixed Bed Reactor (CFiBR), which was specifically designed and built to enable...
The main goal of the study presented in the paper was to experimentally demonstrate the feasibility of lignite gasification to hydrogen-rich gas under the underground conditions simulated in the ex situ reactor. The in situ gasification conditions were simulated both in respect to the coal seam and the surrounding stratum. In the 54-h experiment the process of lignite gasification with oxygen and...
Seven carbonaceous materials of different origin were chosen in order to study the influence of their porous structure on the modification of the thermoplastic properties of a bituminous coal. The materials included were: two non-coking coals, a petroleum coke, coke fines, two residues from tyre recycling and a bituminous residue. The materials were heat-treated to 900°C to prevent any chemical interaction...
Dispersed silver oxides on supports such as TiO 2 , γ-Al 2 O 3 and SiO 2 were observed to be effective desulfurizing agents for refined fuels at ambient conditions. TiO 2 was determined to be the most stable support for silver oxide. Ag (4wt%)/TiO 2 demonstrated a saturation sulfur capacity of 6.3mgS/g for JP5 fuel containing 1172ppmw sulfur. This high...
This study presents a technology for continuous and high-efficiency alkali-catalyzed biodiesel synthesis using a metal foam reactor combined with a passive mixer. A metal foam reactor with higher pore density produces smaller droplets that result in higher efficiency of biodiesel synthesis. Compared with conventional stirred reactors, the time for high methyl ester conversion can be shortened remarkably...
The influence of pressure on the yield of gaseous hydrocarbon products derived from pyrolysis of Fushun and Xianfeng coals have been investigated in an anhydrous and confined system. Pyrolysis was performed in sealed gold tubes at 380°C and under the pressures ranging from 50 to 250MPa for 24h. The results show that the effect of pressure on coal pyrolysis and product generation should not be ignored...
Zeolite HZSM-5 is known to be active for the catalytic conversion of methanol into hydrocarbons, but its strong acidity and narrow channels may lead to high selectivity to aromatics, thus decreasing the quality of synthesized gasoline. In this work, an HZSM-5/MnAPO-11 composite was prepared via hydrothermal synthesis, and the catalytic synthesis of high-octane gasoline from syngas was studied in flow-type...
Use of vegetable oils in diesel engines leads to a marginally inferior performance and higher smoke emissions due to their high viscosity and carbon residue. The performance of vegetable oils can be improved by injecting a small quantity of diethyl ether (DEE) along with air. The main objective of this study is to improve the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a direct injection...
A small number of nations control the vast majority of the world’s coal reserves. The geologically available amounts of coal are vast, but geological availability is not enough to ensure future production since economics and restrictions also play an important role. Historical trends in reserve and resource assessments can provide some insight about future coal supply and provide reasonable limits...
The naturally occurring mineral ilmenite, FeTiO 3 , has been examined as oxygen carrier for chemical-looping combustion. NiO-based particles have been used as an additive, in order to examine if it is possible to utilize the catalytic properties of metallic Ni to facilitate decomposition of hydrocarbons into more reactive combustion intermediates such as CO and H 2 . Firstly, ilmenite...
The hydrothermal stability of catalysts prepared from HZSM-5 zeolites doped with Ni (by impregnation) has been studied in the transformation of bioethanol into hydrocarbons, in order to remove the main barrier for the use of HZSM-5 zeolite catalysts in this process, which is the irreversible deactivation by dealumination of the zeolite above 400°C with water in the reaction medium. The main effect...
In lean-burn premixed natural-gas engines, ignition and combustion can be accelerated by burning a small fraction of the mixture in a pre-chamber. High pressure generated in the pre-chamber results in the discharge of burned products into the main chamber. This creates multiple ignition kernels along the surface of the resulting jet. In this work, lean-burn characteristics of methane under the high...
The partitioning of trace elements and the influence of the feed conditions (50:50 coal/pet-coke feed blend and limestone addition) was investigated in this study. To this end feed fuel, fly ash and slag samples were collected under different operational conditions at the 335MW Puertollano IGCC power plant (Spain) and subsequently analysed. The partitioning of elements in this IGCC plant may be summarised...
The current work examines the detailed thermodynamics of the use of eight (8) fuels by an automotive, spark-ignition engine using a thermodynamic engine cycle simulation. The fuels examined were methane, propane, hexane, isooctane, methanol, ethanol, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen. Both overall engine performance parameters and detailed instantaneous quantities are determined for each of the fuels...
Optimal injection strategies for a heavy-duty compression–ignition engine fueled with diesel and gasoline-like fuels (#91 gasoline and E10) and operated under mid- and high-load conditions are investigated. A state-of-the-art engine CFD tool with detailed fuel chemistry was used to evaluate the engine performance and pollutant emissions. The CFD tools feature a recently developed efficient chemistry...
The aim of the present investigation is to examine differences between O 2 /N 2 and O 2 /CO 2 atmospheres during devolatilization and char conversion of a bituminous coal at conditions covering temperatures between 1173K and 1673K and inlet oxygen concentrations between 5 and 28vol.%. The experiments have been carried out in an electrically heated entrained flow reactor...
CoMo/γ-Al 2 O 3 catalyst containing 16.0 wt% MoO 3 and 3.2 wt% CoO was prepared by equilibrium deposition filtration method (EDF). The CoMo oxidic catalyst was characterized by elemental analysis, N 2 adsorption, XRD, and TPR. The sulfided catalyst was characterized by FTIR of adsorbed CO at 30°C. Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) and hydrodearomatization activities were evaluated...
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